diff --git a/chapter2.tex b/chapter2.tex index f41e93c..760a014 100644 --- a/chapter2.tex +++ b/chapter2.tex @@ -1,5 +1,83 @@ %! TeX root: ./main.tex +\begin{Lemma} \label{lem:subdiag-colim} + Let $A\colon I \to \cC$ be a diagram in a category $\cC$, + and let $B\colon J \to \cC$ be another diagram factoring through $A$. + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + I \ar[r, "A"] & \cC \\ + J \ar[u, "\alpha"] \ar[ru, "B"'] + \end{tikzcd} + \] + Then the factoring $\alpha$ induces a map on the colimits, if they exist. + \[ + \colim_{j \in J} B(j) \longrightarrow \colim_{i \in I} A(i) + \] +\end{Lemma} +\begin{proof} + Consider any co-cone $Z \in C$ over $A$ in $\cC$. + We can write such a co-cone as a natural transformation + $\eta$ from $A$ to the composition $I \to * \to \cC$, + where $*$ is the discrete single object category, + $* \to \cC$ selects the object $Z$, + and $I \to *$ of course takes all objects to the single object. + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + * \ar[rd, "Z"] \\ + I \ar[u] \ar[r, "A"'] & \cC + \end{tikzcd} + \] + Note that the components of such a transformation are $\func{\eta_i}{A(i)}{Z}$, + satisfying, for each $i \to j$ in $I$, + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + A(i) \ar[r, "\eta_i"] \ar[d] & Z \ar[d, equals] \\ + A(j) \ar[r, "\eta_j"] & Z + \end{tikzcd} + \] + This is precisely the definition of a co-cone. + However, we can then take the composition $\nu = \eta * id_{\alpha}$, + which naturally describes $Z$ as a co-cone over $B$. + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + & * \ar[rd, "Z"] \\ + J \ar[r, "\alpha"'] \ar[ru] & I \ar[u] \ar[r, "A"'] & \cC + \end{tikzcd} + \] + Thus, if $Z$ is any co-cone over $A$, + and the colimit over $B$ exists, + then there is a unique map from said colimit to $Z$ by universality. + + Taking $Z$ to be the co-cone over $A$ proves the lemma. +\end{proof} +\begin{Lemma} \label{lem:colim-composition} + Let $A, B: I \to \cC$ be two diagrams in a category $\cC$, + and let $\eta \colon A \implies B$ be a natural transformation between them. + Then $\eta$ induces a map on the colimits, if they exist. + \[ + \colim_{i \in I} B(i) \longrightarrow \colim_{i \in I} A(i) + \] +\end{Lemma} +\begin{proof} + Let $Z$ be any co-cone over the diagram $B$, + written as a natural transformation as in the previous lemma. + \[ + \begin{tikzcd}[row sep=large] + & * \ar[rd, "Z"] \\ + I \ar[ru] + \ar[rr, bend left, "A"{anchor=center, fill=white, name=A}] + \ar[rr, bend right, "B"'{name=B}] + \ar[from=B.north-|A, shorten=4pt, to=A, Rightarrow, "\eta"] + \ar[from=A, ur, Rightarrow, shorten=2pt, "\varepsilon"] + & & C\\ + \end{tikzcd} + \] + The composition $\varepsilon \circ \eta$ then describes $Z$ + as a co-cone over the diagram $B$. + If we choose $Z$ to be the colimit over $A$, + and assume the colimit of $B$ also exists, + then we get the map desired by the lemma. +\end{proof} \begin{qanda} \question @@ -375,4 +453,201 @@ then the pushforward of $\cF$ over any continuous map $X \to Y$ is also a sheaf on $Y$, as desired. + % Question 2.2.I + \question + Let $\func{\pi}{X}{Y}$ be a continuous map of spaces, + and $\cF$ be a sheaf on $X$. + if $\pi(p) = q$ for some $p \in X$, + describe the natural morphism $(\pi_*\cF)_q \to \cF_p$. + \answer + We first define the map explicitly. + Take some germ $[f]_q$ in $(\pi_*\cF)_q$, + with $f \in (\pi_*\cF)(V)$ a section over some open $V \ni q$. + Then by the definition of the sections in the pushforward sheaf, + $f \in (\pi_*\cF)(V) = \cF(\pi^{-1}(V))$, + thus $f$ is also an element of the set of sections of $\cF$ over the open nbd + $\pi^{-1}(V)$ of $p$. Thus, we can define + $[f]_p \in \cF_p$, the germ of $f$ over $p$. + The induced map on stalks may then be expressed simply as $[f]_q \mapsto [f]_p$. + + Alternatively, we can induce the map using the universal property of the stalks. + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + \cTop_{Y}^{op}|_{q} \ar[r, "\pi^{-1}_q"] \ar[d] & \cTop_{X}^{op}|_{p} \ar[d] \\ + \cTop_{Y}^{op} \ar[r, "\pi^{-1}"] & \cTop_{X}^{op} \ar[r, "\cF"] & \Set + \end{tikzcd} + \] + Here $\cTop_Y^{op}|_q$ denotes the full subcategory of $\cTop_Y^{op}$ + consisting of open sets containing $q$, and analagously for $\cTop_X^{op}|_p$. + + The stalk $\cF_p$ is then the colimit over the diagram + $\cTop^{op}_X|_p \to \cTop^{op}_X \to \Set$, + and the stalk $(\pi_*\cF)_q$ is the colimit over the diagram + $\cTop_Y^{op}|_q \to \cTop_Y^{op} \to \cTop_X^{op} \to \Set$. + + Lemma \ref{lem:subdiag-colim} then induces the desired map by universal property of colimit. + + % Question 2.2.J + \question + If $(X, \cO_X)$ is a ringed space, + and $\cF$ is an $\cO_X$-module, describe how for each $p \in X$, + $\cF_p$ is an $\cO_{X, p}$-module. + \answer + We shall describe the action explicitly. + Let $p \in X$, and consider $\cF_p$. + We already know this retains the structure of an abelian group, + since the category of abelian groups has colimits. + To define the action of $\cO_{X, p}$, + let $[f]_p \in \cO_{X, p}$ and $[a]_p \in \cF_p$ + where $f$ and $a$ are sections of their respective sheaves + over some shared neighbourhood $U \ni p$ (restricting if necessary). + + Then define $[f]_p \cdot [a]_p$ to be $[f\cdot a]_p$ + using the action of $\cO_X(U)$ on $\cF(U)$. + To see that this is well defined, let $[f]_p = [f']_p$ and $[a]_p = [a']_p$ + where $f', a'$ are defined over another neighbourhood $V$ of $p$. + + Since they determine the same germ, there are some $W_1, W_2$ around $p$ + where $f|_{W_1} = f'|_{W_2}$ and $a|_{W_1} = a'_{W_2}$. + Defining $W = W_1 \cap W_2$, we can finally put everything into the same neighbourhood, + so that $f|_W = f'|_W$ and $a|_W = a'|_W$. + + Then the compatibility condition for the $\cO_X$-module $\cF$ says that + $(f \cdot a)|_W = f|_W \cdot a|_W = f'_W \cdot a'|_W = (f' \cdot a')|_W$. + Thus $[f \cdot a]_p = [f'\cdot a']_p$, and this definition of action on stalks + is well defined. + + Finally, note that all the axioms of module action may be determined with + a finite number of elements, and we may thus check them + by taking representatives on some shared neighbourhood of $p$, + where the axioms hold by the definition of an $\cO_X$-module. + + % Question 2.3.A + \question + Let $\phi\colon \cF \to \cG$ be a morphism of pre-sheaves on $X$, + and let $p \in X$. + Then describe the induced morphism of stalks $\phi_p\colon \cF_p \to \cG_p$. + + This defines the \emph{stalkification functor at $p$} + $\Sets_X \to \Sets$, where $\Sets_X$ is the category of + sheaves of sets over $X$. + \answer + This follows immediately from Lemma \ref{lem:colim-composition}, + since $\phi$ induces a natural transformation between the stalk diagrams + for $\cF_p$ and $\cG_p$. + + % Question 2.3.B + \question + Let $\pi\colon X \to Y$ be a continuous map of topological spaces. + Show that the pushforward induces a functor + $\pi_*\colon \Sets_X \to \Sets_Y$. + \answer + Recall that $\pi_*\cF$ is pre-composition with $\pi^{-1}_{op}$. + Then we can describe the desired functor as + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + \cF \ar[d, Rightarrow, "\eta"] \ar[r, mapsto] & + \pi_*\cF = \cF \circ \pi^{-1}_{op} \ar[d, Rightarrow, "\eta \circ id_{\pi^{-1}_{op}}"] \\ + \cG \ar[r, mapsto] & \pi_*\cG = \cG \circ \pi^{-1}_{op} + \end{tikzcd} + \] + That is, on objects it acts as pre-composition by $\pi^{-1}_{op}$, + and on morphisms it acts as pre-composition by (the natural transformation) $id_{\pi^{-1}_{op}}$ + + % Question 2.3.C + \question + Let $\cF$ and $\cG$ be two sheaves over $X$. + Define a pre-sheaf of sets $\cHom(\cF, \cG)$ + by lettings the set of sections over each open $U$ be + \[ + \cHom(\cF, \cG)(U) \ceq \Mor(\cF|_U, \cG|_U). + \] + Show that this is a sheaf of set on $X$. + \answer + We first observe that for any $U$ open in $X$, + the sections of $\cHom(\cF, \cG)$ over $U$ are defined to be the set + of natural transformations $\eta$ in the diagram below. + The restriction of a section $\eta$ to some open $V \subseteq U$ + is then a composition of $\eta$ with the (identity transformation on the) inclusion + of $\cTop_V^{op} \to \cTop_U^{op}$ + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + & & \cTop_X^{op} \ar[rd, "\cF"] & \\ + \cTop_V^{op} \ar[r] & \cTop_U^{op} \ar[ru] \ar[rd] & & \Set \\ + & & \cTop_X^{op} \ar[ru, "\cG"'] \ar[uu, Rightarrow, shorten=5pt, "\eta"] & + \end{tikzcd} + \] + Pre-composition is functorial, + and so $\cHom(\cF, \cG)$ does form a presheaf of sets. + + Next, we need to show that it is also a sheaf. + We first consider identity, in the usual way. + Let $U$ be open in $X$, and take an open cover $U = \bigcup_{i \in I} U_i$. + Let $\eta, \varepsilon\colon \cF|_U \Rightarrow \cG_U$, + such that $\eta|_{U_i} = \varepsilon|_{U_i}$ for all $i \in I$. + We claim that $\eta = \varepsilon$. + To see this, take any open $V \subseteq U$, + and define the cover $V_i = V \cap U_i$ of $V$. Then: + \[ + \eta_{V_i} = (\eta|_{U_i})_{V_i} = (\varepsilon|_{U_i})_{V_i} = \varepsilon_{V_i}. + \] + We have the following diagram. + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + \cF|_U(V) \ar[r, "\eta_V"] \ar[d] & \cG|_U(V) \ar[d] \\ + \cF|_U(V_i) \ar[r, "\eta_{V_i}", "\varepsilon_{V_i}"'] & \cG|_U(V_i) \\ + \cF|_U(V) \ar[u] \ar[r, "\varepsilon_{V}"] & \cG|_U(V) \ar[u] + \end{tikzcd} + \] + Here the vertical maps are restriction maps, and both squares commute. + Chasing any section $f \in \cF|_U(V)$, we see that + \[ + (\eta_V(f))|_{V_i} = \eta_{V_i}(f|_{V_i}) = \varepsilon_{V_i}(f|_{V_i}) = (\varepsilon_V(f))|_{V_i}. + \] + Since $V_i$ forms a cover of $V$, identity in the sheaf $\cG$ then tells us $\eta_V = \varepsilon_V$. + Since $V$ was arbitrary, this means that $\eta = \varepsilon$ as desired. + + Finally, we demonstrate gluing. + Let $U_i$ form a cover of $U$ as above, + and let $\eta^i\colon \cF|_{U_i} \Rightarrow \cG|_{U_i}$ in $\cHom(\cF, \cG)(U_i)$, + such that they agree when restricted to intersections, that is, + \[ + \forall W \subseteq U_i \cap U_j, \qquad + \eta^i_W = \big(\eta^i|_{U_i \cap U_j}\big)_W = \big(\eta^j|_{U_i \cap U_j}\big)_W + = \eta^j_W. + \] + Take any $V$ open in $U$, and as before define the cover $V_i = V \cap U_i$ of $V$. + We define a gluing $\eta\colon \cF|_U \Rightarrow \cG|_U$ + by defining it on the arbitrary component $V$. + \[ + \begin{tikzcd} + \cF(V) \ar[r, dashed, "\eta_V"] \ar[d] & \cG(V) \ar[d] \\ + \cF(V_i) \ar[r, "\eta^i_{V_i}"] \ar[d] & \cG(V_i) \ar[d] \\ + \cF(V_i \cap V_j) \ar[r, "\eta^i_{V_i \cap V_j}", "\eta^j_{V_i \cap V_j}"'] & \cG(V_i \cap V_j) + \end{tikzcd} + \] + Taking any section $f \in \cF(V) = \cF|_{U}(V)$, + define $g_i = \eta^i_{V_i}(f|_{V_i}) \in \cG(V_i)$. + Then + \[ + g_i|_{V_i \cap V_j} = + \eta^i_{V_i}(f|_{V_i}) |_{V_i \cap V_j} + = \eta^i_{V_i \cap V_j}(f|_{V_i \cap V_j}) + = \eta^j_{V_i \cap V_j}(f|_{V_i \cap V_j}) + = \eta^j_{V_j}(f|_{V_j}) | _{V_i \cap V_j} + = g_j |_{V_i \cap V_j}. + \] + Thus $\{g_i\}_{i\in I}$ is a family of sections of $\cG$ over $V_i$ + which agree upon restriction to intersections. + Since $\cG$ was assumed a sheaf, it satisfies gluing, + and there is thus some $g \in \cG(V)$ such that $g|_{V_i} = g_i$. + + We define $\eta_V(f) = g$. + + Thus, $\cHom(\cF, \cG)$ is a presheaf satisfying both identity and gluing, and is thus a sheaf, + as desired. + + + + \end{qanda} diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex index 86f41c4..686c125 100644 --- a/main.tex +++ b/main.tex @@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ \let\Im\relax \DeclareMathOperator{\Im}{Im} \DeclareMathOperator{\Mor}{Mor} +\DeclareMathOperator*{\colim}{colim} \DeclareMathOperator{\cTop}{\mathcal{T}op} +\def\Sets{\Set} +\DeclareMathOperator{\cHom}{\mathcal{H}om} %\rawtitle{ } %\rawauthor{ }